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Existing Problem: Reduced Angle Impact Sprinklers on Top of Boom

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Low angle, less than 23 degree sprinklers, typically operate in a pressure range of 20 to 50 psi. Using larger droplet sizes and less distance to reach the soil, they are more efficient than high angle, high pressure sprinklers found on many older systems. But further improvements can be obtained with the lower pressure, larger droplet sizes, closer to the ground or more compact spray patterns afforded by other sprinkler packages. As always, soil intake rate, total pivot boom length, and, in some cases, cropping system will determine which if any replacement will improve application efficiency.


Water Conserving Practice: Place LEPA/LESA Nozzles on Drops Previous Solution
"Low-Energy Precision Application" (LEPA) and "Low Energy Spray Application" (LESA) -- sprinkler technology developed in Texas-- are two sprinkler packages that move the emitters or sprinklers close to the ground. Typically with LEPA, a bubbler emitter or sock distributes water in a stream that must temporarily be contained in furrow dikes (soil pushed up in wheel tracks and row middles to form miniature basins to hold the water and prevent runoff) until the water can soak into the soil. With LESA a spray nozzle on the long drop tubes sprays water up and outward in a pattern 5 to 10 feet in diameter. With LESA, conservation tillage or good crop cover may be enough to allow the water to enter the soil. Follow this link for more information:http://www.cprl.ars.usda.gov

1Potential No. of Irrigation Systems Affected 50
Estimated Water Savings (%) 5 (0 to 10)
2Average Year Water Savings (million gal.) 48
3Dry Year Water Savings (million gal.) 81
Est. Cost of Full Implementation on Avg. System ($, 1998) $4,500
Statewide Costs for Full Implementation ($, 1998) $225,000
Cost / Unit of Water Saved in Average Year ($, 1998 / million gal.) $4735

Estimated water savings are between 0 and 10 percent. No water savings would be expected from systems which are already operating only at night and using good practices. The high end is associated with system which operate continuously through 24 hours in very open areas. The average estimated water savings is about 5%.

Of the 8,000+ center pivot systems currently in the state of Georgia, 50 are estimated to be candidates for this type improvement. However with the adoption of this sprinlkler package is the growers requirement to adopt a different tillage practice called "furrow diking". Not all individuals will adopt this tillage change. All systems with reduced angle impact sprinklers on top of the pivot are not candidates for the change due to the limitation on soil intake rates. The potential water savings from this practice alone would be about 48 million gallons during an average year. The cost to implement such a change is about $4,500 per system if a booster pump is required. The estimated statewide costs for full implementation is $0.225 million. The cost per unit water saved is estimated to be about $4,735 per million gallons of water saved.
The spray nozzles will apply more water in a smaller area than the impact sprinklers at a higher pressure. As with all sprinkler packages, caution must be taken so that the instantaneous application rates remain below the minimum soil infiltration rate along the length of the pivot, especially nearest the end towers where higher ground speed forces the application rates to increase in order to maintain the same total application along the entire length of the pivot. Alternatively runoff can be minimized through enhanced infiltration of conservation tillage or temporary ponding in furrow dikes.



Source: Evans, R.O., K.A. Harrison, J.E. Hook, C.V. Privette, W.I. Segars, W.B. Smith, D.L. Thomas, and A.W. Tyson. 1998. Irrigation conservation practices appropriate for the Southeastern United States. D.L. Thomas (ed.) Geologic Survey Project Report No. 32. Georgia Geologic Survey, Georgia Department Of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA 30334. 43p.

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